湖沼学Chapter 11 Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change on Lakes.pptVIP

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湖沼学Chapter 11 Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change on Lakes.ppt

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湖沼学Chapter 11 Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change on Lakes

Chapter 11 Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change on Lakes On an average annual basis the earth is in radiative equilibrium at the top of the stratosphere. That is, the amount of energy received from the sun (short-wave radiation) equals the amount of outgoing radiation (long-wave as heat and short-wave). About 72% of the outgoing radiation is long-wave in the infrared (heat) spectrum. The other 28% is short-wave radiation reflected from atmospheric particles, clouds, and the surface of the planet. A black box object emits long-wave radiation proportional to its temperature and the amount of radiation emitted can be described by the Stefan-Boltzman law: F = ?Te4, where F is the amount of long-wave radiation produced, ? is the Stefan-Boltzman constant, and Te is absolute temperature (°K, where °K = 273.15 + °C). Applying this model to the amount of radiation emitted by Earth, from the top of the stratosphere the apparent temperature is 255 oK (-18 oC), whereas at the surface the actual temperature is 288 oK (15 oC). This 33 oC difference is the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere and it is one reason life exists on the surface (presence of liquid water is another). Principal greenhouse gases consist of CO2, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), chlorofluorocarbons (F11 and F12), and trophospheric ozone (O3). The present concentration of CO2 is about 355-360 ppm and it is increasing at a rate of at least 0.4% per year. The principal sources of CO2 are the burning of coal, oil, and gasoline (i.e., fossil fuels), and deforestation. Methane concentration is about 155 ppm and it is increasing at a rate of about 1.1% per year. The principal sources are biological activities related to increased human and bovine global population. For example, rice production greatly increases amount of methane emitted to the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide concentration is presently 0.3 ppm in the atmosphere and is increasing at a rate of 0.3% per year. Increased use of fertilize