第16章 激励.pptVIP

Reinforcement Theory 正强化。就是能增加行为的频率，而且这种行为能带来积极的后果。如表扬、给予一定的特权等。 负强化。避免某种对自己不利的后果而增加某种行为。 惩罚。导致某种行为的减少。主要有两种形式：一是将惩罚作为某种行为与其不利后果相应联系；另一是当某种不良行为发生时，收回行为者所重视的东西。 零强化。为终止（或减少）某种行为，而不对此种行为进行强化。 Expectancy Theory (Vroom) M（Motivation）表示激发力量；V(Value)表示效价；E(Expectation)表示期望值。 效价，是指一个人对某一成果的偏好程度，是个人对某一预期成果或目标的重视程度和评价高低的主观估计，即对工作目标有用性（价值）的评价； 期望值，是指指通过特定的活动导致预期成果的概率，即对工作目标能够实现概率的估计。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–* Exhibit 16–9 Simplified Expectancy Model ? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–* Motivation and Behavior (cont’d) Expectancy Relationships Expectancy (effort-performance linkage) The perceived probability that an individual’s effort will result in a certain level of performance. Instrumentality The perception that a particular level of performance will result in the attaining a desired outcome (reward). Valence The attractiveness/importance of the performance reward (outcome) to the individual. ? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–* Exhibit 16–10 Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation 可观的绩效评估系统 能力 高成就需要 公平性比较 产出/投入a：产出/投入b 强化 机会 个人绩效 个人努力 绩效评估标准 个人目标 组织奖励 主导需要 目标引导行为 ? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–* Current Issues in Motivation Cross-Cultural Challenges Motivational programs are most applicable in cultures where individualism and quality of life are cultural characteristics Uncertainty avoidance of some cultures inverts Maslow’s needs hierarchy. The need for achievement (nAch) is lacking in other cultures. Collectivist cultures view rewards as “entitlements” to be distributed based on individual needs, not individual performance. Cross-Cultural Consistencies Interesting work is widely desired, as is growth, achievement, and responsibility. ? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–* Current Issues in Motivation (cont’d) Motivating Unique Groups of Workers Motivating a diverse workforce through flexibility: Men desire more a