第18节 语言学与翻译.ppt

语言学与翻译 学习语言学可以提高译者进行语言对比的起点以及进行语言分析的能力。掌握一定的语言学知识，了解不同语言之间的共性和规律性，必将有助于翻译实践。 一、语义学与翻译 现在我们就下面的段落以及其他的典型段落为例，介绍一下翻译中各种语义的传达。 One afternoon a few summers ago, I had been clearing brush in the mountains for several hours and decided to reward myself with lunch. Sitting on a log, I unwrapped a sandwich and surveyed the rugged scenery. Two turbulent streams joined to form a clear, deep pool before roaring down a heavily wooded canyon. My idyll would have been perfect had it not been for a persistent bee that began buzzing around me. The bee was of the common variety that plagues picnickers. Not the least intimidated, the bee came back and buzzed me again. Now, losing patience, I swatted the pest to the ground and crunched it into the sand with my foot. Moments later I was startled by a minor explosion of sand at my feet. My tormentor emerged with its wings buzzing furiously. This time I took no chances. I stood up and ground the insect into the sand with all my 210 pounds. Once more I sat down to my lunch. After several minutes I became aware of a slight movement near my feet. A broken but still living bee was feebly emerging from the sand. Beguiled by its survival, I leaned down to survey the damage. The right wing was relatively intact, but the left was crumpled like a piece of paper. Nevertheless, the bee kept exercising the wings slowly up and down, as though assessing the damage. It also began to groom its sand-encrusted thorax and abdomen. 1 外延意义的翻译 许多单词，尤其是单义词，在篇章段落中经常使用转义，因此对于这些词的翻译不仅需要对原文词语的意义予以限定，还要根据具体的语境对原文词语的意义予以引申。 本节开头的第二段文字。是不是会作如下翻译： “要是没有一只蜜蜂围着我不停地嗡嗡地飞，我的田园诗一定会一直都是完美无暇的。这只蜜蜂是传染瘟疫给野餐者的普通种类。不假思索，我挥手把它赶走了。” 这个译文，译者没有正确处理好 idyll ，plague 和 picknicker 这几个词。查阅字典会发现，这三个词的意思，分别为“田园诗”、“瘟疫”和“去野餐的人”。但是，从上文的译文中可以看出，简单的一一对应并不能得到恰当的译文。因此我们需要回头再次阅读原文，思考并尝试理解这三个词的意义。 idyll 如果简单地翻译为“田园诗”是不符合前一段叙述的内容的。从第一段中，作者描述的是他完成了农活之后的遭遇，因此，此处的 idyll 的意思应该是“闲适的心情”。当然本词也可勉强翻译为“田园诗般的心情”，这时需要注意上下文的搭配，如此，第一句应该翻译为“……我的田园诗般的心情一定会保持得相当不错。” 要和上下文表达的意思相一致，plague 和 picknicker不能直接引用词典义，而应该作出适当的