网络科学第二讲网络与图.pptx

网络科学基础 Elements of Network Science;第二讲 网络与图;Can one walk across the seven bridges and never cross the same bridge twice? ;Can one walk across the seven bridges and never cross the same bridge twice? ;;network often refers to real systems www, social network metabolic network. Language: (Network, node, link) graph: mathematical representation of a network web graph, social graph (a Facebook term) Language: (Graph, vertex, edge) We will try to make this distinction whenever it is appropriate, but in most cases we will use the two terms interchangeably. （大部分场合，我们互用网络和图这两个概念） ;Peter;The choice of the proper network representation determines our ability to use network theory successfully. In some cases there is a unique（独一无二）, unambiguous representation. In other cases, the representation is by no means unique. ? For example, the way we assign the links between a group of individuals will determine the nature of the question we can study.;If you connect individuals that work with each other, you will explore the professional network.;If you connect those that have a romantic and sexual relationship, you will be exploring the sexual networks.;If you connect individuals based on their first name (all Peters connected to each other), you will be exploring what? It is a network, nevertheless. 根据我们要研究的目标来构建网络是开展研究的第一步！网络不是毫无目的随意构建的！;Links: undirected (symmetrical，对称关系) Graph: ;Node degree: the number of links connected to the node.;We have a sample of values x1, ..., xN Average (a.k.a. mean): typical value x = (x1 + x1 + ... + xN)/N = Σi xi /N 度的平均值能表达什么信息？;N – the number of nodes in the graph ;The maximum number of links a network of N nodes can have is: ;Most networks observed in real systems are sparse（稀疏）: L Lmax or k N-1. WWW (ND Sample): N=325,729; L=1.4 106 Lmax=1012 k=4.51 Protein (S. Cerevisiae): N= 1,870; L=4,470 Lmax=107 k=2.39 Coauthorship (Math): N= 70,975; L=2 105 Lmax=3 1010 k=3.9 Movie Actors: N=212,25