西方文艺复兴.ppt

威廉·莎士比亚 蒙田 塞万提斯 弗朗西斯·培根 这些悲剧人物从中世纪的禁锢和蒙昧中醒来，在近代黎明照耀下，雄心勃勃地想要发展或完善自己，但又不能克服时代和自身的局限，终于在同环境和内心敌对势力的力量悬殊斗争中，遭到不可避免的失败和牺牲。 哈姆雷特为报父仇而发现与“整个时代脱榫”了，决定担起“重整乾坤”的责任，结果是空怀大志，无力回天。 李尔王在权势给他带来的尊荣 、自豪 、 自信中迷失本性 ，丧失理智，幻想以让权分国来证明自己不当国王而做一个普通人，也能同样或更加伟大，因而经受了一番痛苦的磨难。 他的散文主要是哲学随笔，因其丰富的思想内涵而闻名于世，被誉为“思想的宝库”。 经过四百余年的考验，历史证明了蒙田与莎士比亚、苏格拉底、米开朗琪罗一样是一位不朽的人物，他的随笔如他自己所说的那样，是“世上同类体裁中绝无仅有的”。 Inspired by his consideration of the lives and ideals of the leading figures of his age, he finds the great variety and volatility of human nature to be its most basic features. He describes his own poor memory, his ability to solve problems and mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally involved, his disdain for the human pursuit of lasting fame, and his attempts to detach himself from worldly things to prepare for his timely death. He writes about his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time, reflecting a spirit of skepticism and belief that humans are not able to attain true certainty. The longest of his essays, , contains his famous motto, What do I know? Montaigne considered marriage necessary for the raising of children, but disliked strong feelings of passionate love because he saw them as detrimental to freedom. In education, he favored concrete examples and experience over the teaching of abstract knowledge that has to be accepted uncritically. His essay On the Education of Children is dedicated to Diana of Foix. The Essais exercised important influence on both French and English literature, in thought and style. 首两卷《随笔集》在1580年出版，三卷版付梓于1588年，死前蒙田还在病榻上增订该书。学者习惯将蒙田的思想分为三个阶段（尽管未必准确）：斯多噶时期（1572─74年）、怀疑主义危机（1576年）、伊壁鸠鲁时期（1578-92年）。三个阶段的思想也粗略反映在三卷《随笔集》中，卷二的〈为塞朋德辩护〉()一文，被认为代表了蒙田的怀疑主义思想，该篇也是《随笔集》里最长的一篇（后世很多出版商将这一篇独立成书）。 后人也将蒙田的《旅游日志》()和书信（现存39封）整理、出版。 堂吉诃德Don Quixote Published in two volumes a decade apart, in 1605 and 1615,?Don Quixote?is considered the most influential work of literature from the?Spanish Golden Age?and the entire Spanish literary canon. As a founding work of modern Wes