语言学 第五单元 sentence meaning.ppt

Sentence meaning 1. The dog chases the man. The man chases the dog. 2. I’ve already seen that film. That film I’ve already seen. 3. The son of Anne’s daughter is the daughter of Anne’s son. Sentence meaning 1. Compositionality（组合性原则）: The idea that meaning of a sentence is based on the meaning of its constituent words and the way they are combined is called compositionality. 2. In 1963, Katz and Fodor put forward semantic theory to put Compositionality into practice. Sentence meaning Sentence meaning * CONTENT 5.4 Componential Analysis 5.5 Sentence Meaning 5.5.1 An Integrated Theory 5.5.2 Logical Semantics A way to analyze lexical meaning. A word can be seen as complex of different semantic features（语义特征）, which is smaller than the meaning of the word. 5.4 Componential Analysis For example: boy girl human male young human young female For example: man woman human human male female adult adult Signals + : negative - : positive ~ : opposite , means “non-” male ; female ~ male adult ; young ~ adult Semantic Features Girl: [+HUMAN, -ADULT, - MALE] Boy: [+HUMAN, -ADULT, +MALE] Man: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE] Woman: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, - MALE] Antonyms( 反义词): have only one contrasting component. { boy : girl } { woman : girl } { man : woman } { man : boy } Semantic Features bachelor: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, -MARRIED] unmarried man: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, -MARRIED] Synonym(同义词):have the same components. Nouns Verbs father: PARENT (x, y) MALE (x) x is a parent of y, and x is male. take: CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y))) x causes x to have y. give: CAUSE (x, (~HAVE (x, y))) x causes x not to have y. Sense Relations a. John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die. kill = CAUSE( x, (BECOME (y, (~ALIVE(y))))) die = BECOME( x, (~ALIVE(x))) b. John murdered Bi