语言学-同义词与反义词.ppt

Antonym Synonym;Definition ;Content;(1)Gradable antonym 等级反义词;这样一对反义词在语义的直线坐标上离开中点距离应是相等的，但是可以有它们的内项，也可能有它们的外项。 例如以hot(热的)和cold(冷的)这一对反义词来看，它们可以有内项warm(温的)和cool(凉的) 又如，以good(好的)和bad(坏的)这一对反义词来看，它们可有外项excellent(极好的)和terrible(极糟的) ;Second, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms. 这种类型的反义词以不同的规范划分等级 Criterion varies with the object described. For example: the comparision between a big car and a small plane.;Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. 一对反义词中，通常那个较高程度的词用作覆盖整个量级的术语。 The cover term is called “unmarked” i.e. usual 覆盖性词称为“无标记词”，即一般词汇。 The covered “marked” 被覆盖的词语称为“标记词”。 Unmarked marked 名词： man woman author authoress lion lioness 形容词： old young wide narrow deep shallow 名词： length 长度 height 高度 width 宽度 Examples: How old are you? How tall is his brother? How do you like your food?;(2)Complementary antonym 互补反义关系;Second, the norm in this type is absolute.划分规范是绝对的。 Third，there is no cover term for the two members of a pair. 一对成员没有一个覆盖性词语。;the gradable vs. the contrary the complementary vs. the contradictory ;(3)Converse antonymy 反向反义词;反义词的应用;;反义词连用则是英国历代文学家喜欢的修辞手法---矛盾修辞法。下面这一段引自狄更斯(Charles Dickens)所著的小说《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities);(1)Absolute synonym 绝对同义词;(2)Relative synonyms 相对同义词;英语近义词之间的差异;英语近义词辨析;2. 从色彩方面辨析 1）感情色彩不同 褒义 black---中性Negro----nigger贬义 Statesman--------------politician Slender------------------skinny 2) 语体色彩不同 口语 tell----in