语言学5.2.2-5.2.4.ppt

Meronymy Hyponymy Meronymy（部分-整体关系）is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. e.g. root, trunk, branch, and leaf are meronyms of a tree because they are in the relationship of X is part of Y. Meronymy Hyponymy There is no clear line between Meronymy and Hyponymy. Hyponymy differs from meronymy in transitivity. Hyponymy is always transitive in the sense that there is a hierarchical relation between different terms. But meronymy may or may not be hierarchical. Polysemy Homonymy Polysemy（一词多义）: a single lexeme has several meanings. e.g. chip has several meanings: “electronic circuit”（电子芯片）, “a kind of food” or “a piece of wood” Polysemy can be said to be the result from the change of meaning. * * Semantic relations5.2.2—5.2.4 Contents: 1.Synonymy and Antonymy 2.Meronymy and Hyponymy 3.Polysemy and Homonymy Synonymy（同义关系）are the words or expressions with the same and similar meaning. The relation of synonymy does not apply to lexemes only. Simple expressions may have the same meaning as complex expressions. Couch sofa Large big enormous However, true synonyms are rare. In most cases, synonyms may differ in one or more of the following aspects: Difference in origin In English, there are some pairs of synonyms one of which is developed from the native word while the other is borrowed from another language: native words borrowed words answer reply bodily corporal Some English synonyms may belong to words of different linguistic origin: Anglo-Saxon French Latin Ask question interrogate Some synonyms belong to different geographic varieties: British English American English Tube subway B. Difference in shades of meaning Some synonyms differ in the shades of meaning. e.g. amaze and astound Same denota