语言学Chapter 3.ppt

* 3.2 The Derivational Way of Formation Derivation: in its restricted sense, refers to the process of how new words are formed. It can be further divided into two types: derivational type (derivation) compositional type (compound) * Derivation: showing a relationship between a  root and affixes. Class-changing: NV: lengthen, hospitalize, discard NAdj.: friendly, delightful, speechless N Adj./adv.: clockwise, earthward VN: worker, employee, inhabitant VAdj.: acceptable, adorable Adj.N: rapidness, rapidity Adj.V: deafen, sweeten Adj.Adv.: exactly, quickly * Class-preserving: NN: nonsmoker, ex-wife, booklet, handful VV: disobey, unfasten AA: grayish, irrelevant Words that come from derivation are relatively large and potentially open. In English, there is usually one productive derivational affix per word, but there may also arise multiple derivational affixes. E.g.: monumental, joyful, joyfulness, internationally * Compound Compound refers to those words that consist of more than one free lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single new word. Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, duty-free Preposition compounds: into, throughout * Endocentric exocentric Compounds Endocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; eg self-control: a kind of control armchair: a kind of chair Exocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, eg scarecrow: not a kind of crow breakneck: not a kind of neck cutthroat, come-hither, walk-in, take-home * Written forms of compounds Solid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguard Hyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-length Open: coffee table, washing machine Free variation: businessman, business-man, business man wine-bottle, wine bottle no one, no-one, noone (?) Usually the right-hand member not only determines the category of the whole compound,