语言学chapter 6.ppt

Chapter 6 Pragmatics Pragmatics vs. semantics Once the notion of context was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics. Speech Acts Austin (1962), How to do things with words. Actions such as requesting, informing, commanding, questioning We use linguistic forms with the functions (speech acts) Speech act theory（言语行为理论） Speech act theory is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. People use language to state or to describe, and to do things as well. Austin modified his model of Speech Acts into: locutionary acts（言內行为） illocutionary acts（言外行为） perlocutionary acts（言後行为） A speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking. locutionary meaning speaker‘s utterance illocutionary force speaker‘s intention perlocutionary impact hearer‘s reaction Formulated by H.P. Grice What we say in a conversation furthers the purpose of the conversation Developed conversational rules (or maxims) that regulate conversation Under Cooperative Principle there are four maxims: the maxim of quantity（数量准则） the maxim of quality（质量准则） the maxim of relation（关系准则） and the maxim of manner（方式准则） Quality Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Relevance Be relevant. Quantity Make your contribution as informative as is required. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Manner Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) Be orderly. * The co-operative principle QUANTITY: make your contribution as informative as required, but not more or less than required * The co-operative principle QUALITY: do not say which you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence Introduction to English Linguistics M. Reitbauer * The co-operative principle RELATION: be relevant * The co-operative principle MANNER: be clear, brief and orderly Purposefully breaking the maxims in order to create additional meani