语言学Morphology形态学.ppt

Chapter 3 Morphology Morphology, as a sub-branch of linguistics, refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Generally speaking,morphology can further divided into two broad categories, namely, inflectional (屈折) morphology and derivational mophology, which are both concerned with the smallest unit at the grammatical level. 1. Word Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written 1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit: Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks. 2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys check, checks, checked, checking 3) A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme 1.2 Identification of words 1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged chairman﹡manchair The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates. 3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g. --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful. 1.3 Classification of words 1) Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings. 2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words: Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Lexical words: have lexical mea