语言学lesson2 (戴炜栋版).ppt

Chapter 2 Phonology 2.1 The terminology phonetics (1) phonology phonemics phonology (2) study of speech sounds phonetics Phonetics: the study of phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language. Speech Production (Speaker) ? transmitted in the air Speech Perception (Hearer) ? The process of speech production and perception Subdivisions: articulatory phonetics —how to produce speech sounds auditory phonetics —studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer acoustic phonetics —studies the way speech sounds are transmitted in the air (using spectrographs, analyze sound waves) 2.2. The Speech Organs The articulatory apparatus of human beings are contained in the important areas or cavities: the pharyngeal cavity —the throat the oral cavity —the mouth the nasal cavity —the nose The Speech Organs 2.3. Production of a sound Oral cavity Nasal cavity Uvular pharyngeal cavity (glottis, vocal cords) (through windpipes) (air) lungs 2.4. Transcription of sounds Standard and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription—the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). A list of symbols are used to transcribe the sounds. The vowels The consonants English vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs） i: beat i bit e bet ? bat ? another ?: burn u: moon ? put ?: sword ? lot ɑ: car ? but ei say ai buy ?i boy ?u so a? no?w i? p