语言学教程_第三版_第四章_句法学.ppt

4.3.2 Predicate 谓语 ■Predicate refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together. ■It usually expresses actions, processes, and states that refer to the subject. 　■E.g 　　(a) The boy is running. (process) 　　(b) Peter broke the glass. (action) 　　(c) Jane must be mad! (state) ■The word predicator is suggested for verb or verbs included in a predicate. 4.3.3 Object ■Object is also a term hard to define. Since, traditionally, subject can be defined as the doer of the action, object may refer to the “receiver” or “goal” of an action, and it is further classified into Direct Object and Indirect Object. 　■E.g 　　(a) Mother bought a doll. 　　(b) Mother gave my sister a doll. IO DO 　■In some inflecting languages, object is marked by case labels: the accusative case for direct object, and the dative case for indirect object. 　■In English, “object” is recognized by tracing its relation to word order (after the verb and preposition) and by inflections (of pro-nouns). 　■E.g 　　(a) Mother gave a doll to my sister. 　　(b) John kicked me. ■Modern linguists suggest that object refers to such an item that it can become subject in a passive transformation. 　■E.g 　　(a) John broke the glass. ? The glass was broken by John. 　　(b) Peter saw Jane. ? Jane was seen by Peter. 　■Although there are nominal phrases in the following, they are by no means objects because they cannot be transformed into passive voice. 　　■E.g 　　　(a) He died last week. 　　　(b) The match lasted three hours. 　　　(c) He changed trains at Manchester. (*Trains were changed by him at Manchester.) 4.3.4 The Relation between Classes and Functions（词类和功能） ■ Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to one relation. ■A class item can perform several functions. For instance, a noun or a nominal phrase can function as the subject, object, modifier, adve