近代光学16-Nov 11st.ppt.pptx

Circular obstacles ;;; The Fresnel Zone plate If we removed all of either the even or odd zones, a tremendous increase in irradiance at P would be observed. For example, we construct a plate which passes only the first odd zones, ; A screen which alters the light, either in amplitude or phase, coming from every other half-period zone is called a zone plate; The outer edge of the mth zone is marked with the point Am. By definition, a wave which travels the path S-Am-P must arrive out of phase by m?/2 with a wave which traverses the path S-O-P.;The Fresnel Zone plate;The Fresnel Zone plate; The equation has an identical form to that of the thin-lens equation, a fact which is not merely a coincidence since S is actually imaged in converging diffracted light at P. Accordingly, the primary focal length is said to be;Discussion The zone plate will show extensive chromatic aberration. Beside the primary focal point, additional higher-order focal points will exist at f1/3, f1/5, f1/7, etc. Advantages of zone plate as a lens: for UV-light, soft X-rays……;;;;Electric field in the near field;Electric field in the near field;Approximations;Fresnel integral;Planar incident wave;Fresnel diffraction for a semi-infinite opaque screen;Fresnel Diffraction from a single slit;x1;The Spot of Arago;Fresnel diffraction from an array of slits: The Talbot Effect;;Fresnel diffraction for a square aperture ;; ;Babinet’s Principle; In the discussion above, we calculate the field at P on the screen by the superposition of the individual waves from light source with the assumption of “point source”. However there is a completely different approach, namely the potential theory, which concern not the source but scalar field distribution and its derivatives over an arbitrary colsed surface surrouding the point P.;Helmholtz Equation:;We consider the special case that an unobstructed spherical monochromatic wave from a point source S:;When ?? and r?, we have the Fresnel-Kirchhof