雅思小作文指导.ppt

1-2. post hoc. 3. hasty generalization Intermediate English WritingCause-Effect Analysis Tasks Cause-Effect analysis Complexity of analysis Types of causes/effects Immediacy of factors Pattern order Organizational pattern Example analysis Cause-Effect Need Examine causes: fire, pollution, success... Examine results: pollution, flood, tax increase, net love... Terms Cause-effect/causal analysis Causality Causation Causal analysis Cause analysis (we look backward at causes) Effect analysis (we look forward at effects) Complexities Causal relationships involve complexities Numerous causes/effects Remote factors (invisible/insightful) E.g. Postgraduate programs now attract an increasing number of both college graduates and young people already on the job. What has caused this to happen? Complexities Factors for the increasing number of postgraduates Competition on the job market Inadequate knowledge for the current post Higher-paying jobs Better career prospects Keenness on learning more ... ... … Types of factors Main/contributory causes Late for school Main: traffic jams Contributory：leaving home 5 minutes late / Failing to call taxi Main/minor effects E.g. Thesis: High consumption of soft drinks containing sugar and caffeine contributes to (1-2-3). Effects: 1. overweight 2. Health problem 3. Mild addiction Causal chain Cause → Effect 1 → Effect 2 → Effect 3 (bad weather) (wet brakes) (car wreck) (doctor bills) Immediate-remote factors Immediacy Immediate causes (effects) Those directly related to effect (cause) Remote causes (effects) Those further removed in time from the effect (cause) Weight from remote factors Sometimes, we need to consider crucial remote causes or effects to add weight to our analysis. In most cases, you need to focus on the immediate causes or effects. Immediate-remote factors Why a large number of students feel disappointed with college life Uncomfortable living conditions The gap between high school graduates