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Niccolò Machiavelli（尼可罗·马基亚维利） All states, all powers, that have held and hold rule over men have been and are either republics or principalities. 从古至今，所有的国家和政权统治人类的 方法，无非是共和制或君主制 Niccolò Machiavelli‘s hometown: Florence 1512-1527: Principality(Medici returned to power) 1494-1512: Republic(the downfall of the Medici occurred in 1949) The Prince 君主论 The Prince 君主论 The Prince 君主论 其他著作 After 1527:Republic (Medici Family were once more driven out in 1527) Chapter 17 Concerning Cruelty and Clemency, and Whether It Is Better to Be Loved Than Feared 第17章 论残酷与仁慈，以及被爱戴和被畏惧哪个更有利 Chapter 22 Concerning the Secretaries of Prince 第22章 论君主的大臣 Chapter 21 How a Prince Should Conduct Himself So as to Gain Renown 第21章 君主欲受人尊敬应怎样为人 About Humanity Recommendation * Niccolò Machiavelli （尼可罗·马基亚维利1469-1527） Before 1494: principality (governed by Medici Family) 1494-1512: republic (the downfall of the Medici occurred in 1949) 1512-1527: principality (Medici returned to power in 1512) After 1527:republic (Medici Family were once more driven out in 1527) On the return of the Medici, Machiavelli, who for a few weeks had vainly hoped to retain his office under the new master of Florence, was dismissed by decree dated 7th November 1512. Shortly after this he was accused of complicity in an abortive conspiracy against the Medici, imprisoned, and put to the question by torture. The new Medicean people procured his release, and he retired to his small property at San Casciano, where he devoted himself to literature. 职务与业绩： Chancellor and Secretary to the Second Chancery In a diplomatic council responsible for negotiation and military affairs Between 1499 and 1512 he carried out several diplomatic missions Between 1503 and 1506 Machiavelli was responsible for the Florentine militia, including the Citys defense His command of Florentine citizen-soldiers defeated Pisa in 1509... “The evening being come, I return home and go to my study; at th