高级操作系统讲义英文CH 02 -OS8e.pptx

Chapter 2Operating System Overview Eighth Edition By William Stallings Operating Systems:Internals and Design Principles Operating System A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between applications and hardware Main objectives of an OS: convenience efficiency ability to evolve Operating System Services Program development Program execution Access I/O devices Controlled access to files System access Error detection and response Accounting Key Interfaces Instruction set architecture (ISA) Application binary interface (ABI) Application programming interface (API) The Role of an OS A computer is a set of resources for the movement, storage, and processing of data The OS is responsible for managing these resources Operating System as Software Functions in the same way as ordinary computer software Program, or suite of programs, executed by the processor Frequently relinquishes control and must depend on the processor to allow it to regain control Evolution of Operating Systems A major OS will evolve over time for a number of reasons: hardware upgrades new types of hardware new services Fixes Evolution of Operating Systems Stages include: Serial Processing Simple Batch Systems Multiprogrammed Batch Systems Time Sharing Systems Serial Processing Earliest Computers: No operating system programmers interacted directly with the computer hardware Computers ran from a console with display lights, toggle switches, some form of input device, and a printer Users have access to the computer in “series” Problems: Scheduling: most installations used a hardcopy sign-up sheet to reserve computer time time allocations could run short or long, resulting in wasted computer time Setup time a considerable amount of time was spent just on setting up the program to run Simple Batch Systems Early computers were very expensive important to maximize processor utilization Monitor user no longer has direct access to processor job is submitted to computer o