语言学概论课件(05词义).pptVIP

2006-04 语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义 第五章 词义 学习目的和要求 认识词汇的构成和词义的特点 掌握词义的聚合与组合 词语在思想表达中的灵活运用 目录 第一节 词汇和词义 第二节 词义的聚合 第三节 词汇的组合 练习 第一节 词汇和词义 一、词和词汇 （一）词汇的性质 词汇是语言的建筑材料 （二）词汇： 基本词汇 全民常用 稳固 有构词能力 一般词汇 （三）词汇的民族特点 1 .在一种语言里有些词在另一种语言里没有对应词 “冬练三九，夏练三伏”：three nine ；three fu (╳) In summer keep exercising during the hottest day, in winter do the same thing during the coldest weather. 芝麻酱煮饺子 ——It was packed like sardines. 干部 ——cadre official/functionary/administrator cowboy hippie motel 2 在两种语言里，某些词语表面上似乎指同一事物或概念，其实指的是两回事。 爱人≠ lover Service station ≠服务站 Rest room≠休息室（lounge /lobby） Busboy≠公共汽车上的售票员或司机 3某些事物或概念在一种语言里只有一种表达方式，而在另一种语言里则有多种表达方式。 总称 雄 雌 小 鸡 chicken cock hen chick 鸭 duck drake duck ducking 鹅 goose gander goose gosling 马 horse stallion mare foal 牛 cattle bull cow calf 4 某些词的基本已大致相同，但派生义区别可能很大 政治 ——politics 政治家 ——politician political activities statesman political work 词和词的构成 1.词 2.词的构成 （四）固定词组 idiom ：a phrase which means something different from the meanings of the separate words idiomatic English Tom is a real cold cat. He hardly ever flies off the handle. Of course, he is getting on. His hair is pepper and salt. However, he knows how to make the best of a bad job and takes everything easy. 英语成语的类型 1.以动词为中心的成语 Give---give up hear ----hear of ask---ask for Get----get to put ----put up with set---set off Take---take part in Catch---catch up with Make—make fun ofLook---look down on 2.以名词为中心的成语 Lucky dog queer fish cold fish Sweet tooth small potato 3.其他 I’m sure he will lend me a hand. The girl was all ears in the classroom. I’m afraid he’s too tired. Can’t you see that he is working his head off. If you cannot guess, I’ll let the cat out of the bag. She laughed in her sleeves when she heard it. Hurry up。Don’t let the grass grow under your feet. It was raining cats and dogs when we