环境化学_1 环境介质与其性质.ppt

第一章 环境介质及性质;? 内容;? 内容;? 一、自然环境;? 一、自然环境;? 二、环境介质(相);? 二、环境介质(相);? 内容;? 一、大气温度层结;气相环境浓度单位 Environmental Concentration Units for Gases;decimeter (dm); centimeter (cm); millimeter (mm); micrometer (μm) (测微计、千分尺、微米)； nanometer (nm); angstrom (?); liter (L); milliliter (mL); microlitre (μL) ;? 一、大气温度层结;大气温度的垂直分布;对流层 Troposphere 高度为10~12米，温度变化特点是：通常0.6K/100m；气体垂直运动激烈；含有大气全部质量的3/4和几乎全部水气，复杂的天气现象 (15 ℃~-56 ℃)。 ;热层 (电离层) Thermosphere 高度为80～800 km；温度随高度增加而迅速上升；;? 二、大气颗粒物;? 二、大气颗粒物;? 二、大气颗粒物;? 二、大气颗粒物;颗粒物的粒径分类和三模态p8;Particulate matter (PM) is the general term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke. Others are so small they can be detected only with an electron microscope. These particles, which come in a wide range of sizes (fine particles are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter and coarser-size particles are larger than 2.5 micrometers), originate from many different stationary and mobile sources as well as from natural sources. Fine particles (PM-2.5) result from fuel combustion, motor vehicles, power generation, and industrial facilities, as well as from residential fireplaces and wood stoves. ;Inhalable PM includes both fine and coarse particles. These particles can accumulate in the respiratory system and are associated with numerous health effects. Exposure to coarse particles is primarily associated with the aggravation of respiratory conditions, such as asthma. Fine particles are most closely associated with such health effects as increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits for heart and lung disease, and increased respiratory symptoms.;? 三、臭氧层的形成与耗损;O2 + hv ? O + O (λ 243 nm) 2O + 2O2 + M ? 2O3 + M;动态平衡：生成和耗损的速率相同，臭氧的浓度保持恒定。;臭氧层耗损 Ozone Depletion 由于水蒸气、NOx、氟氯烃等污染物进入平流层，它们能加速臭氧耗损过程，破坏臭氧层的稳定状态。;The total overhead amount of atmospheric ozone at any location is usually expressed in terms of Dobson units (DU); one such unit is equivalent to a