农业非点源污染的控制及生态调节技术.docVIP

农业非点源污染的控制与生态调节技术 肖海涛1 沈波2 张银龙3 （1江苏省如皋市农田水利试验站，如皋226551；2南通市水利局，南通226006； 3南京林业大学，南京210037） 摘要：本文详细论述了农业非点源污染生态调节与控制的三种途径：农田生态系统管理、建立植被缓冲带、利用湿地生态系统。农田生态系统管理是从源头控制污染发生，通过优化种植制度、土壤合理耕作培肥、合理灌溉技术及病虫害综合防治等措施。包括控制农药化肥用量和用法，使用硝化抑制剂，优化肥料结构，以减少化肥流失量，达到控制植物营养类污染物和农药的产生量，既提高水体环境质量，又保证农业稳产高产。建立植被缓冲带和湿地生态工程是农业非点源污染从产生到受纳水体的生态调节措施，通过合理规划设计，优化结构和植物种类，构成减少农业非点源污染的又一道防线。 关键词：非点源污染；植被缓冲带；湿地；生态系统 Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution and Ecological Regulating Techniques XIAO Hai-tao1,SHEN Bo2,ZHANG Yin-long3 (1.Rugao Water Resources Test Station,Rugao 226551,Jiangsu Province,China； 2.Natong Water Resources Bureau,Nantong 226006,Jiangsu Province,China； 3.Nanjing forestry University,Nanjing210037,Jiangsu Province,China) Abstract: Agricultural non-point source pollution is arising more and more attentions as one of the major causes leading to deterioration of water quality. Agricultural non-point source pollution assessment is the basis of field management and water pollution control, which is significant when carrying out best management practices to farm ecosystems. Three approaches for assessing spatial distribution of agricultural non-point source pollution in farm ecosystems are introduced. In terms of macroscopic management, proposed measures and suggestions on how to control agricultural non-point source pollution ,such as strengthening the comprehensive management of water , air, soil and other ecological resources at watershed scale; making watershed protection plan; carrying out ecological environmental construction in which taking ecological engineering as a core. Key words: non-point source pollution, vegetation buffer zone, wetland, ecosystem 近年来我国农业中化肥农药的投入量逐年增加，众所周知，如果在化学物质大量使用过程中缺乏有效的控制和管理，极容易给地表水和地下水带来不可逆转的污染。据研究，对于我国的大多数湖泊而言，非点源污染负荷已占50%以上，另外，丰水期河流中污染物的增加主要来自于非点源污染。随着点源治理力度的加大，非点源污染将逐渐构成水环境污染的主要原因[1]。非点源污染是指污染物从非特定的地点，在降水和径流冲刷作用下，通过径流过程而汇入受纳水体引起的水体污染，包括土壤侵蚀、地表径流、农田农药化肥的流失以及大气干湿沉降等过程。其中农业非点源污染是影响水体环境质量最重要的污染物，同时也降低了农