水声学基础第一章.ppt

* * 水下定位导航 * * 6、本课程的主要内容 本课程的主要内容 建立声纳系统的基本概念 由声纳方程入手，将所有与声纳系统有关的物理参数联系到一起，了解声纳系统设计、性能预测所需要的基本参数，建立基本的物理概念，明确水声学的主要研究内容与声纳系统的关系。与换能器和信号处理有关的内容由于有单独设立的课程，这里不再详细讨论。因此，由声纳方程引出有关的水声物理问题，这些都是声纳系统设计必须认真考虑的因素，也是水声学主要的研究内容。 海洋的声学特性是水声学研究的基础，也是水声学研究的基础内容之一。 - 海洋环境的声学特性是海洋监测技术的基础。海洋环境包括水体、海面和海底，有平均特性，也有不均匀性，他们的声学特性对水声设备的研制与使用都是至关重要的。 声纳及声纳方程 海洋的声学特性 海洋中的声传播理论 典型传播条件下的声场 声波在目标上的反射和散射 海洋中的混响 水下噪声 * * 水声学的学习方法一点建议 与海洋学紧密结合 充分掌握声纳方程 注重理论联系实践 * * * . POWER = energy delivered / second (J / s) ? D. INTENSITY = power density or power per unit area ? E. ????? PRESSURE = force per unit area (Pa); standard unit is Pascal ? - If you can measure pressure, you can find the sound intensity levels ? * III. ?? MEASURING SOUND - How do we do it? ? A. ??? measured in DECIBELS - provide wide range B. ???? INTENSITY LEVEL (IL) in dB: C. ???? COMBINING dB LEVELS - 2 METHODS (In Appendices) ? 1. ????? With Calculator 2. ????? With Nomogram * * * * * SPEED OF SOUND IN WATER ? A. ??? Propagation speed c = fl still, but c = 1500 m/s *** ? B. ???? 4 times speed of sound in air (even though water more dense) - Why? ? C. ???? Elasticity - property that causes a body to resist deformation and recover to original shape; Note: Elasticity of water much greater than air. ? D. ???? 3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS affect speed sound in water: ? 1. ????? TEMPERATURE ( T ) - greatest effect to a depth of 1000 m; Below 1000 m ? Isothermal; c increases when T increases ? 2. ????? PRESSURE ( P ) - 2nd greatest effect; c increases when P increases ? 3. ????? SALINITY ( S ) - least effect; Important near river mouths, straits and coastal regions; c increases when S increases ? Temperature is the only factor normally measured ( Bathythermograph or Sound Velocimeter) under operational conditions * 1. The speed of sound in water is determined first by the water itself. a. The elasticity of the medium (for compression and expansion of the sound energy’s longitudinal wave) is the