no slide title - 科学院上海生命科学研究院生物化学与 .pptVIP

Haeckel‘s theory:Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny （1874） the fetal development of an individual (ontogeny) is a speeded-up replay of millions of years of species evolution (phylogeny) Evo-Devo 中的重要概念: (2) Body plan 胚胎前后轴（A－P）、背腹轴（D－V） 、左右轴（L－R）等决定 Evo-Devo Evolutionary development is so new there isn’t even consensus as to how to spell it. We spell it “evo devo” because that’s how Sean Carroll spells it. Others spell it “evo-devo” and “evodevo.” The genetics of evolutionary adaptation Cis-regulatory mutations Structural mutations Gene duplications Gene deletions (5) Developmental constraints a developmental constraint is a bias on the production of variant phenotypes or a limitation on phenotypic variablilty caused by the structure, character, composition, or dynamics of the developmental system. (Maynard Smith et al, 1985) (6)Modularity The idea that in animals groups of traits are developmentally integrated within modules has been receiving much attention in evolutionary developmental biology. (Wagner, G. P. Altenberg, L. (1996) Evolution (Lawrence, Kans.) 50, 967–976) Evo Devo使用的主要方法 1、比较基因组学 2、各种生物胚胎发育中基因的表达图式 3、同源基因的替换或转基因 (4) Homology vs. convergent, parallel and homoplasmy Sorting out parallelism from homology in landmark issues such as the origin(s) of segmentation, the origin(s) of the eye (Hodin, 2000) warrants further studies of additional phyla, and a deep understanding of plasticity and constraints in gene and developmental evolution. When a structure which is homologous between closely related organisms is built using different genes, it should be considered convergent rather than homologous. Homologous genes may be responsible for non-homologous morphologies. Genes and pathways are utilized on many separate occasions during development. As examples, the Notch-signalling pathway is broadly used during Drosophila and vertebrate development (Simpson, 1997; Robey, 1997), and hedgehog, TGF-β and Wnt family members are u