chapter 长期经济成长15.pptVIP

生態系統的組成份(構造) 由生物成分及非生物成分所組成︰ 生物成分 生產者、消費者及分解者 (三大功能消費群) 非生物成分 無機物質、有機化合物、氣候 日光、土壤、地形及緯度等。 基礎經濟學 Chapter 15 長期經濟成長 15-* The Open Economy and Economic Growth Open economies can experience higher rates of growth than closed economies because free trade encourages a more rapid spread of technology and industrial ideas and may give domestic industries access to a bigger market. 基礎經濟學 Chapter 15 長期經濟成長 15-* Innovation and Knowledge Innovation involves transforming an invention into something that benefits the economy. Much innovation involves small improvements in the use of an existing technology. Past investment in capital may make it more profitable to acquire more knowledge. There exists the possibility of an investment-knowledge cycle where investment spurs knowledge and knowledge spurs investment. Therefore, knowledge, like capital has to be paid for by forgoing current consumption. Knowledge can be viewed as a store of ideas. Thus, economic growth can continue as long as we keep coming up with new ideas. 基礎經濟學 Chapter 15 長期經濟成長 15-* The Importance of Human Capital Increases in the productivity of the labor force are a function of increases in human capital. Human capital is at least as important as physical capital. 基礎經濟學 Chapter 15 長期經濟成長 15-* Property Rights and Entrepreneurship The more certain private property rights are, the more capital accumulation there will be. If people have property rights in their wealth that are sanctioned and enforced by the government, they will save and invest more. 基礎經濟學 Chapter 15 長期經濟成長 15-* 黃金法則的每人資本與消費 f(k):每人所得 黃金法則的每人資本(k*) 應滿足： f ’(k*)=折舊率＋人口成長率 每人消費＝f(k)-(折舊率＋人口成長率)k* 基礎經濟學 Chapter 15 長期經濟成長 15-* 生態環境系統： 一定空間中的生物群落與其環境組成的系統﹐其中各成員藉助能流和物質循環形成一個有組織的功能複合體。“系統”一詞有兩層基本含義﹕一是它由一些相互依賴﹑相互作用的部分所組成﹔二是這些部分按照一定的規律組織在一起﹐從而使這個整體具備了統一的功能特徵。把生物與環境視為一個統一整體的概念非常古老﹐但根據生物學研究而明確提出