曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理英文版.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * HOW PEOPLE INTERACT People are less inclined to work, produce, invest, or purchase if large risk of their property being stolen. 市场失灵——市场出现不能有效配置资源的情况（原理6的例外情况）。 Market failure: when the market fails to allocate society’s resources efficiently 1，外部性 是一个人的行为会对局外人（非参与交易者）福利产生影响 Externalities, when the production or consumption of a good affects bystanders (e.g. pollution) 外部性有方向：正向（对局外人产生良性影响）或者负向（对局外人产生不良影响） Principle #7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS * HOW PEOPLE INTERACT 2，市场势力:是指一个人或一个企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力. Market power, a single buyer or seller has substantial influence on market price (e.g. monopoly).（竞争的反义词） 3，信息不对称 Asymmetric information, some one doesn’t have the necessary information to make decision In such cases（市场失灵的情形）, public policy may promote efficiency （提高效率 ）. Principle #7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS * HOW PEOPLE INTERACT governments may alter market outcome to promote equity （促进公平 ） If the market’s distribution of economic well-being is not desirable, tax or welfare （税收和福利制度） policies can change how the economic “pie” is divided. Principle #7: 政府有时可以改善市场结果 In each of the following situations, what is the government’s role? Does the government’s intervention improve the outcome? a. Public schools b. Workplace safety regulations（工作场所安全条例） c. Public highways（公路） d. Patent laws （专利法案）, which allow drug companies to charge high prices for life-saving drugs A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Discussion Questions * 0 The principles of HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKS（宏观经济学原理） TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS * HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKS Huge variation in living standards across countries and over time: Average income in rich countries is more than ten times average income in poor countries. （横向对比） The U.S. standard of living today is about eight times larger than 100 years ago.（纵向对比） Principle #8: 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力 A country’s standard of living depe