Face theory（面子理论）.PPT

Face theory（面子理论） ——12英语2班：丁王婷 陈楠 刘燕妹 庞林艳 高志鹏 翟晓波 面子理论简介 早在 1955 年高夫曼（Goffman）就提出了“面子（face work）这一概念。高夫曼认为面子问题的关键就在于交际会话中双方要尽力保护自己和对方的面子。 1978 年，布朗和莱文森在高夫曼的理论基础上进一步提出了他们“面子理论”。他们的贡献就是提出了面子理论跨越不同文化的特点。他们相信“面子这一抽象概念是具有普遍性的”。“其中心思想就是要理解相互交往中对不同行为所采取的策略，而这些行为是建立在人们为了满足某种需要基础上的”。 Brown?and?Levinson解释说面子是一种情感投资，它可能会丢失、保持、或得到捍卫。但是，它总是交往中不断被关注的对象。我们不难发现这一概念和我们传统文化中的“丢面子”、“给面子”等概念极为相似。在我们的文化传统中说丢面子就意味着我们在谈话中受到了羞辱，遭受了尴尬局面。根据Brown?and?Levinson的理论，面子就是公众形象。它可以被分为“正面面子”和“负面面子”。 Two types of face theory Brown?and?Levinson?(1987)?proposed?that?there?are?two?kinds?of?face?which?are?distinguishable?yet?r-elated:?positive?face?and?negative?face.? Positive?face?is?“the?positive?consistent?self-image?or?“personality??(crucially?including?the?des-ire?that?this?selfimage?be?appreciated?and?approved?of)?claimed?by?interactions”. ?Negative?face?is?“the?basic?claim?to?territories,?p-ersonal?preserves,?rights?to?concentration. 例一：A: Its cold today, isnt it? B. Yes, it is. 例二：A: Excuse me, Sir, would you like to tell me when would the match begin? B. It will begin at 8 oclock. 在例一中，讲话人得到了听话人的同意，他的正面面子得到了满足。在例二中，当说话人问及比赛何时开始时，他势必要打扰听话人的行动自由和个人空间。所以发话人使用来暗示对方没有义务非要对发话人的询问做出答复的方式，给听话人选择的自由，使听话人的负面面子得到满足。 The reasons for protecting positive and negative face In?terms?of?positive?and?negative?face?needs,?individuals?in?di-fferent?cultures?may?also?vary?in?the?degree?to?which?they?va-lue?each?of?them.?Because?autonomy?and?uniqueness?are?mo-re?strongly?valued?in?individualistic?cultures?than?in?collectivi-stic?cultures?(Markus??Kitayama,?1991). Individualists,?com-pared?to?collectivists,?may?be?more?concerned?with?protecting negative?face?(TingToomey,?1988).??Collectivists,?compared?to?individualists,?maybe?more?concerned?with?protecting?positive?face?(Ting-Toomey,?1988). Face?Negotiation?Theory TingToomeys?(1988)?face?negotiation?theory?is?based?on?the?w-ork?of?Go