作为决策者的管理者剖析.pptVIP

Chapter7MANAGERS AS DECISION MAKERS 第7章 作为决策者的管理者 LEARNING OUTCOMES 7.1 Describe the eight steps in the decision-making process 描述决策制定过程中的八个步骤 7.2 Explain the four ways managers make decisions 解释管理者制定决策的四种方法 7.3 Classify decisions and decision-making condition 划分决策和决策条件的类型 7.4 Describe different decision-making styles and discuss how biases affect decision making 描述不同的决策风格并讨论各种偏见如何影响决策 7.5 Identify effective decision-making techniques 识别有效的决策技巧 7.1 The Decision-Making Process 7.1 决策制定过程 7.1 The Decision-Making Process Decision making is the essence of management. 制定决策是管理的本质。 And all managers would like to make good decisions because they’re judged on the outcomes of those decisions. 所有的管理者都希望制定良好的决策，因为组织和外界是根据这些决策的结果来判断和评价他们的。 you can see that decisions play an important role in what an organization has to do or is able to do. 你可以看到，决策对一个组织必须要做或能够做的事情发挥着重要作用。 Managers at all levels and in all areas of organizations make decisions.That is, they make choices. 管理者，无论在组织中的哪个级别和哪个领域，都会制定决策。也就是说，他们会作出选择。 Making decisions isn’t something that just managers do; all organizational members make decisions that affect their jobs and the organization they work for. 制定决策并不仅仅是管理者的事情；组织中的所有成员都会作出决策，而这些决策会影响到他们的工作和所在的组织。 7.1.1 Step 1: Identifying a Problem7.1.1 步骤1：确定一个问题 Your team is dysfunctional, your customers are leaving, or your plans are no longer relevant. 你的团队变得功能紊乱，你的客户正在离你而去，或者你的计划再也无法有效实施。 Every decision starts with a problem, a discrepancy between an existing and a desired condition. 每一项决策都始于一个问题，即现有状况和预期状况之间的不一致。 Managers also have to be cautious not to confuse problems with symptoms of the problem. 管理者必须采取小心谨慎的态度，以免把问题与问题的症状相混淆。 Is a 5 percent drop in sales a problem? 销售额下降5个百分点是一个问题吗？ Or are declining sales merely a symptom of the real problem, such as poor-quality products, high prices, or bad advertising? 或者说，不断下降的销售额是否只是某个问题（例如低劣的产品质量、高昂的价格或者糟糕的广告）的一种症状？ Also, keep in mind that problem identification is subjective. 此外，需要记住的是，问题的确认是主观的。 What one ma