第三章生物基础、胎儿发展与出生.PPTVIP

第3章 生物基礎、胎兒發展與出生 pp.86,91-92,104-105,114-118,120 一、遺傳影響（hereditary influences） （一）研究遺傳影響的方法 家庭研究 Kinship studies Twin design and adoption design （二）基因和環境影響的估計 1. How much? (1) The concordance rates： The percentages of pairs of people in which both members of the pair display the trait if one member has it. 29/56 co-twins(identical twins) of gay were also gay 12/54 co-twins(fraternal twins) of gay were also gay (2) The heritability coefficient H = (r identical twins-r fraternal twins) x 2 r：correlation coefficient NSE：Nonshared environmental influences NSE = 1-r(identical tw