微观经济学第1章导论剖析.ppt

“看不见的手”原理 市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity 在市场经济中，家庭决定买什么和为谁工作。In a market economy, households decide what to buy and who to work for. 企业决定雇用谁和生产什么。 Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 亚当·斯密观察到，家庭和企业在市场中相互作用时，它们的行为仿佛被一只“看不见的手”指挥着。Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.” 因为家庭和企业在决定买什么和卖什么时眼睛都盯着价格，他们就不自觉地将他们这些行为的社会收益与成本考虑在内了。Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social benefits and costs of their actions. “看不见的手”原理 市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity 这样一来，价格引导决策者，达到使社会整体福利最大的结果。As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole. 当政府阻止价格根据供求自发地调整时，它就限制了看不见的手对组成经济的千百万家庭和企业进行协调的能力。When the government prevents prices from adjusting naturally to supply and demand, it impedes the invisible hand’s ability to coordinate the millions of households and firms that make up the economy. “看得见的手”原理： 政府有时可以改进市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes 当市场失灵的时候，政府可以干预以提高效率和平等。When the market fails (breaks down)government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity. 当市场不能有效率地配置资源，市场失灵发生。Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently. 市场失灵可以由外部性引起，它是某人或企业的行为对旁人（市场以外的人）的利益造成的影响。Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firm’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. 市场失灵可以由市场势力引起，它是个人或企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力。Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices. 看不见的手也不能确保公平地分配经济成果The invisible hand is even less able to ensure that economic prosperity is distributed fairly. 通货膨胀与失业短期交替原理 通货膨胀指经济中物价总水平的上升 引起通货膨胀的一个因素是货币量的增长。 当政府创造了大量本国货币时，货币的价值下降。 菲利普斯曲线说明了通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 通货膨胀下降导致失业上升 这是一种短期的权衡取舍 生产率差异原理 我们可以从不同方面