新编语言学概论.ppt

一说汉字为一个名叫仓颉的神人所造，或说汉字源起于结绳记事，又说汉字由八卦演变而来，等等，其中以仓颉造字说流传最广。 cāng jié 仓颉，史皇氏，陕西省渭南市白水县人（另一说山西临汾人）。《说文解字》记载：仓颉是黄帝时期造字的史官，被尊为“造字圣人。” 于是就有一个疑问：为什么古人没有提出语言起源的问题，而对文字的起源，却做过这样那样的臆测和推想？ 总体教学目的 发展语言意识，培养理性思维 Main branches of linguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics 7.1 Phonetics Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. We can approach it on various levels. At one level, speech is a matter of anatomy and physiology. We can study organs such as tongue and larynx and their functions in the production of speech. At another level, we can focus on the speech sounds produced by these organs by identifying and classifying the individual sounds. This is the domain of articulatory phonetics. We can also investigate the properties of the sound waves — acoustic phonetics. As speech is intended to be heard or perceived, it is therefore possible to focus on the way in which a listener analyses or processes a sound wave — auditory phonetics. 7.2 Phonology Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. 7.3 Morphology Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation processes. Although many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of a language，many words can be broken down into still smaller units, called morphemes. Morphemes serve different purposes. Some derive new words by changing the meaning or the part of speech, others only refine and give extra grammatical information about the alre