Chapter 6 Pragmatics概要1.docVIP

Chapter 6 Pragmatics 6.1 Some basic notions 6.1.1 Definition — the study of language in use or language communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning. — the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Introduction “You are a fool.” “What do you mean?” Here are three aspects of the meaning of the sentences: SPEAKER扴 MEANING, UTTERANCE MEANING, CONTEXTUAL MEANING Depends more on the context Pragmatics: The study of language in use Pragmatics is usually concerned with the meanings that sentences have in particular contexts in which they are used. E.g. There is a car coming is seen as, out of context, a statement that a car is coming. But in a particular context it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road, an expression of hope that people invited to a dinner are at last arriving, and so on. 语用学的开端 语用学这个术语，是美国哲学家查尔斯·莫里斯首先使用的。他在1938年所写的《符号理论基础》一书中把符号学分为语形学、语义学、语用学三部分，这方面的研究只局限于语言哲学领域，基本上是在哲学和逻辑学范围内进行的。直到70年代，语言学家们才开始重视并开展语用研究，这也是对结构主义语言学和转换生成语言学的反拨。 二十世纪六七十年代，英美语言哲学家，语言学家筚路蓝缕，开启了“语用学”这块语言学研究的山林，以言语行为理论和会话含义理论为两大理论支柱，终于将语用学从概念发展为语言学的一个分支学科。八十年代，C. C. Levinson 和G. Leech 的《语用学》和《语用学原理》分别出版，使语用学的学科理论体系得以确立。 1977年，丹麦语言学家梅伊同H. Haberland 一道在丹麦创办了《语用学杂志》。1988年，在各国语用学家的推动下，“国际语用学会”成立，总部设在比利时。一般认为， 《语用学杂志》的创办， Levinson 《语用学》的出版， ，“国际语用学会”的成立是标志着语用学已经成为语言学研究的一个分支学科的三个重要事件。 Purpose of Pragmatics：Why do we need pragmatics? The general answer is: pragmatics is needed if we want a fuller, deeper and generally more reasonable account of human language behavior. A more practical answer would be: outside of pragmatics, no understanding; sometimes a pragmatics account of the only one that makes sense, as in the following example: “I just met the old Irishman and his son, coming out of the toilet.” “I wouldn’t have thought there was room for the two of them” “No silly, I mean I was coming out of the toilet. They were waiting.” 语用学的中国转世投胎的两个标志 语用学产生于西方语言哲学。哲学家研究的意义是为了从语言中看世界，看现实，看实