CP 合作原则.pptVIP

The Cooperative Principle Contents Click to add Title 1 Conversational Implicature 1 Click to add Title 2 Cooperative Principle 2 Click to add Title 1 Violation of the maxims 3 Click to add Title 2 Characteristics of implicature 4 Click to add Title 1 The politeness principle 5 Conversational Implicature Implicature: is?derived?from?the?verb ‘imply’, means? ‘to?fold?something?into? something?else’. Meaning: the literal meaning the implied meaning Conversational Implicature: something?which?is?implied?in? a?conversation,?that?is,?something? which?is?left?implicit?in?actual? language?use. Paul?Grice (1913-1988)? philosopher?of?language? Conversational Implicature E.g. (1) A: Let’s go to the cinema this evening. B: We’ll have the English exam tomorrow. (2) A: Can you tell me the time? B: Well, the milkman has come. How can the speaker convey more than what is said and how the hearer can arrive at the speaker’s meaning? The Cooperative Principle Herbert Paul Grice, the William James lectures, 1967 “logic and conversation” 1975 Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. The Cooperative Principle The maxim of Quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The maxim of Quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true. Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The maxim of Relation: Be relevant. The maxim of Manner: Be perspicuous. Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly. The maxim of Quantity E.g. 甲：今天中午吃了什么？ 乙：蛋炒饭。 (2)酒馆 The maxim of Quality E.g. China is a developing country with a large population. Syntax is more abstract than pragmatics. The maxim of Relation E.g. (1) A: H