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- 约7.42千字
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- 2017-07-03 发布于湖北
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DrugsAffectingtheRespiratorySystem概要1
Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System By Caiying Ye Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Introduction Antiasthmatics 平喘药 Antitussives 镇咳药 Expectorants 祛痰药 概况 咳、痰、喘是呼吸系统常见的三大症状,三者 同时存在又相互影响。 祛痰:促使痰液排出,使咳、喘症状缓解。 抗喘:能降低器官阻力,利于痰排除. 消除病因配合镇咳、祛痰、抗喘药,可缓解症状,提高疗效,有效地预防合并症的发生。 抗喘药 Antiasthmatic Drugs Aasthma A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways Clinical feature: bronchospasm, bronchial obstruction, dyspnea Pathologic changes:lymphocyte infiltration, mucosal oedema, vascular leakage, airway smooth muscle proliferation. Cellular infiltration invovling mast cell and eosinophil triggers bronchial inflammation and allergic response in susceptible population. Treatment principle:inhibit airway inflammation and inflammatory mediators. Classifications β2 adrenoceptor agonists Methylxanthines:aminophiline 氨茶碱; Muscarinic antagonists: ipratropium bromide异丙阿托品; Glucocorticosteroids: beclomethasone dipropionate丙酸倍氯米松; Mast cell stablizers: sodium cromoglicate色苷酸钠 Effect of antiathmatic drugs on intracellular levels of cAMP 1. Adrenoceptor agonists 1. Adrenoceptor agonists [作用特点]: Activate β2 receptor activate adenylyl cyclase cAMP Ca2+ relax airway smooth muscle Activate α receptor cause vasoconstriction reduce edema improve airflow dilate the bronchus to relieve bronchospasm Activate β receptor on the membrane of mast cell inhibit release of allergic mediators prevent allergic asthma attack [注意事项]: 长期应用此类药物,可使支气管平滑肌细胞膜上的β 2受体数目减少,疗效减低,引起哮喘反跳,病情加重。 故本类药物不宜长期连续应用,必要时可与其他平喘药交替使用。 肾上腺素 adrenaline,epinephrine [作用特点]:作用强而快 Stimulate α, β1 β 2 receptors β受体:舒张支气管 α受体:使支气管粘膜血管收缩,减轻水肿,利于气管通畅。 激动心脏β1受体,引起心动过速. 对血管α受体的激动,引起收缩压明显增高,加重心脏负担. 吸入给药,哮喘急性发作,或发作前预防。 麻黄素ephedrine 作用似肾上腺素,平喘作用弱,生效缓慢,持久,维持4-6小时; 用于轻症哮喘和预防作用,口服有效。 ? 异丙肾上腺素isoprenaline (喘息定) 作用强而迅速( Stimulate both β1 β 2 receptors ); 吸入给药,1 min迅速改善症状,维持1-2 hr; 过量有心悸、肌震颤,心率失常。
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