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Justice?is?always?violent?to?the?party?offending,? for?every?man?is?innocent?in?his?own?eyes.? ——Daniel?Defoe Defoe’s Life born in 1661, died in 1731 son of a London butcher named Foe at 40, added the aristocratic prefix De- a jack-of-all-trades as well as a writer a radical Nonconformist in religion a journalist and a pamphleteer knew prison life (for writing the pamphlet The Shortest Way with Dissenters) Business career Defoe entered the world of business as a general merchant, dealing at different times in hosiery, general woollen goods and wine. Though his ambitions were great and he was able to buy both a country estate and a ship (as well as civet cats to make perfume), he was rarely out of debt. In 1684, Defoe married Mary Tuffley, the daughter of a London merchant, receiving a dowry of ￡3,700 - a huge amount by the standards of the day. With his debts and political difficulties, the marriage was most likely troubled, but it lasted 50 years and produced eight children, six of whom survived …… 政治创作 笛福最早的创作是1697年出版的《关于一些问题的观点》，提出了一些社会改革的建议。1698年他维护威廉三世对常备军的权力。1701年他发表诗歌《地道的英国人》继续拥护信仰新教的威廉三世。1702年威廉三世去世，安妮 (大不列颠)登基。笛福发表了一本小册子《消灭不同教派的捷径》，用反讽手法猛烈抨击托利党当局迫害不同教派，被判入狱六个月，并从1703年7月31日起带枷游行三天。按照传说，笛福在狱中针锋相对写了诗歌《枷刑颂》。这使得在他游行过程中，民众将其当英雄看待，向他投来的不是石块而是鲜花，并且为他的健康干杯。 托利党首领罗伯特·哈利（Robert Harley）非常欣赏笛福的才华，在他干涉下，笛福获得了释放。哈利希望笛福办杂志以争取民众对自己的苏格兰-英格兰联合政策的支持。笛福在哈利支持下于1704年创办了《法国时事评论》。同年笛福根据自己在1703年飓风中的经历写成了《飓风》一书[5]。1708年哈利失势，笛福继续支持其继任者戈多尔芬直到1713年杂志中断。 Defoe’s Works Verses: Hymn to the Pillory 《枷刑颂》 (1702) Fictions: Robinson Crusoe (1719) Captain Singleton《辛格尔顿船长》 (1720) Duncan Campbell (1720) Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720) Colonel Jack (1722) Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰德斯》 (1722) Journal of the Plague Year 《大疫年纪事》 (1722) The History of the Devil (1726) Non-fiction: Essays ： The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702) Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe (1720) The Complete English T