欧洲文化入门ThethCentury.pptVIP

欧洲文化入门（五）The 17th Century I. General Introduction 1. Advance in science, in astronomy,physics and pure mathematics. 2. The outlook of educated men was transformed. 3. The newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie. Bertrand Russell Said: The modern world, as far as mental outlooks is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century. II. Science a breakthrough in physics and mathematics in the 17th century Chemistry in the 18th century Biology in the 19th century Psychology in the 20th century Genetics in 21st century Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) 哥白尼的学说不仅改变了那个时代人类对宇宙的认识，而且根本动摇了欧洲中世纪宗教神学的理论基础。 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) 恩格斯的评价： “从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来” (The emancipation of natural science from theology dates from this act) “科学的发展从此便大踏步前进” (Thence forward, the development of the sciences proceeded with giant strides.) B. Johannes Kepler  The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 〈天体运行论〉 德国天文学家、物理学家、数学家 Kepler’s Laws three laws of planetary motion 三大行星定律 In?astronomy,?Keplers laws of planetary motion?are three?scientific laws?describing the motion of?planetsaround the?Sun. The?orbit?of a planet is an?ellipse?with the Sun at one of the two foci. A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. The square of the?orbital period?of a planet is proportional to the cube of the?semi-major axis?of its orbit. 3 laws of planetary motion １ 行星沿椭圆轨道运行，太阳占这椭圆的一个焦点。 　２一个行星和太阳之间的连接线，在相等的时间内扫出相等的面积，乃行星在离太阳近的地方运行得比在远的地方快。 　３一个行星的公转周期平方与这行星和太阳之间的平均距离成正比。 Galileo Galilei伽利略·伽利莱 (1564-1642) The greatest name in the physics of the period. 意大利天文学家 数学家 物理学家 哲学家 Galileo Galilei伽利略·伽利莱 The first to apply the telescope to the study of the sky他是利用 望远镜观测天体取得大量成果的第一位科学 His discoveries: acceleration in dynamics 动力加速度 The law if inertia 惯性定律 The