2016年物理学专业英语2.pptVIP

* 物理专业英语作业 4 General Information 普通信息 4.1 Statistical Physics And Thermodynamics统计物理和热力学 — 79 101 Molecular physics is a branch of physics studying the structure and properties of a substance on the basis of the so-called molecular kinetic notions. 分子物理学号称是在分子动力学概念的基础上，研究物质的结构和属性的物理学分支。 According to these notions, any body--solid, liquid or gaseous--consists of an enormous number of exceedingly small separate particles-molecules. (Atoms can be considered as monatomic molecules.) The molecules of a substance are in disordered, chaotic motion having no predominating direction. Its intensity depends on the temperature of the substance. 根据这些概念，任何的物体——固体、液体或气体，都由数量巨大且极其微小的单独微粒——分子组成。（原子可以认为是单原子的分子。）物质的分子在做无序、无方向的不规则运动，运动的剧烈程度取决于物质的温度。 A direct proof of the existence of chaotic motion of molecules is Brownian motion. This phenomenon consists in that very small (visible only in a microscope) particles suspended in a fluid are always in a state of continuous chaotic motion that does not depend on external causes and is a manifestation of the internal motion of the substance. 布朗运动直接证明了分子做不规则运动。这种微观现象（只有在显微镜下可见），悬浮在液体的微粒总是处于不依赖外界原因连续的不规则运动，是物质内部分子运动的表现形式。 The Brownian motion of particles is due to their chaotic collisions with molecules. 粒子的布朗运动是它们分子间不规则碰撞的结果。 The object of the molecular-kinetic theory is to interpret the properties of bodies that are directly observed in experiments (pressure, temperature, etc.) as the summary result of the action of molecules. 物体的分子动力学理论是解释物体可以在实验中被直接观察（压强、温度等）作为分子活动概要结果的性质。 Its uses the statistical method and is interested not in the motion of separate molecules, but only in average quantities characterizing the motion of an enormous combination of particles. This explains its other name-statistical physics. 它使用统计的方法，忽略分离的单个分子的运动，用平均数描述一个巨大的组合微粒的运动。这就解释了它另外的名称统计物理学。 Thermodynamics also studies various properties of bodies and changes in the state of a substance. Unlike the molecules-kinetic theory, however, thermodynamics studies mac