匈奴与十六国统治 英文版.ppt

The Xiongnu and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304-439) Readings: Barfield, Thomas, The Perilous Frontier,” Ch. 2,? The Hsiung-nu Empire; OR Barfield, Thomas, “The Xiongnu Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy”, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol 41, No. 1, Nov, 1981, pp 45-61. OR Sinor, Denis, Inner Asia, a Syllabus, The Xiongnu, Ch. 11; OR Sinor, Denis, Cambridge History of Early Asia, , Ch 5 pp 118-149. The Xiongnu and the Sixteen Kingdoms Introduction Sixteen Kingdoms (304-439) Xiongnu kingdoms Establishment of Han-Zhao/Former Zhao (304-312) Hebei Shansi border Governing the Han-Zhao The Establishment of Later Zhao (319-312) Hebei Shansi border Governing the Later Zhao The end of the Later Zhao Establishment of the Northern Liang (397-439) Gansu Corridor The End of the Northern Liang The Xia (Da Xia) (407-439) Ordos Pateau Introduction The nomads used to try to keep out of Chinese civil wars. But when the Han Dynasty was falling apart, it invited the Xiongnu, Xianbei and others to help crush the rebels (188). After the Han dynasty collapsed, China was divided into three kingdoms – Wei 魏 (220-265) along the northern border, Shu-Han 蜀漢 (221-263) in Sichuan, and Wu 吳 (222-280) in the south. The Wei Kingdom headed by Cao Cao’s 曹操 family and it tried to keep China’s frontier secure by using a policy of indirect rule over the tribal peoples settled in China’s borders. It provided liberal subsidies and access to trade for nomads living beyond its control. It settled 19 tribes of the Xiongnu around Taiyuan 太原 but the Xiongnu maintained their own political organization and lifestyle within China’s borders. The Chinese held the Xiongnu Shanyu hostage but the Xiongnu remained a potential threat as the local leaders became more powerful. Introduction (2) In 265, the Sima family who had served the Wei kingdom usurped the throne and established the Jin 晋 dynasty (265-420). Since Wei had already conquered Shu-Han the Sima family needed only to conquer the southern kin