北京邮电大学计算机学院 离散数学 数学结构 群论 chap9-2.ppt

* * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT ((( ))) Please feel free to ask questions! * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Homework 4, 22, 24@338 * * * * * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Theorem 2 - Proof Similarly, a = e*a, b = f(e)*b. Thus for any b?T, b = b * f(e) = f(e) * b, which means that f(e) is an identity for T. the identity is unique, f(e) = e Q.E.D. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Note If (S, *) and (T, *) are semigroups such that S has an identity and T does not, it then follows from Theorem 2 that (S, *) and (T, *) cannot be isomorphic. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Example 19 Let T be the set of all even integers and let ? be ordinary multiplication. the semigroups (Z, ? ) and (T, ? ) are not isomorphic, since Z has an identity and T does not. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Homomorphism – 同态 Let (S, *) and (T, *) be two semigroups. An everywhere-defined function f :S? T is called a homomorphism from (S, *) to (T, *) If f(a*b) = f(a) * f(b) for all a and b in S. If f is also onto, we say that T is a homomorphic image(同态像) of S. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Example 20 Let A = {0, l} (A*, ? ), ? is the catenation operation (A, +), + is defined by the table above Define the function f : A*?A by It is easy to verify that if ? and ? are any elements of A*, then f(???) = f(?)+f(?). Thus f is a homomorphism. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Note For both an isomorphism and a homomor-phism, the image of a product is the product of the images. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Theorem 3 Let (S, *) and (T, *) be monoids with identities e and e, respectively. f :S? T be a homomorphism from (S, *) onto (T, *). Then f(e) = e Proof: similarly to the proof of theorem 2. * * College of Computer Science Technology, BUPT Theorem 4 Let f be a homomorphism from a semigroup (S, *) to a semigroup