国经 名词解释概要1.docVIP

PPT红字部分名词解释+公式 Chapter2 The law of comparative advantage 1.????P30 Mercantilism?重商主义 A group of men (merchants, bankers, government officials, and even philosophers) wrote essays and pamphlets on international trade that advocated an economic philosophy known as?mercantilism. The mercantilists maintained that the way for a nation to become rich and powerful was to export more than it imported. Thus the government had to do all in its power to stimulate the nation’s export and discourage and restrict imports.? 在17/18世纪期间，一批人（包括商人、银行家、政府官员甚至哲学家）写了许多有关国际贸易的文章和小册子，推崇一种被称为重商主义的经济哲学。简而言之，重商主义者认为国家富强的方法应当是精良是出口大于进口，而超出的结果是金银等贵重金属的流入。而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就会越富有、强大。因此，政府应当竭尽所能的鼓励出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）的进口。 ? Chapter 3 The Standard Theory of International Trade 1. P60?机会成本递增 Increasing opportunity costs?mean that the nation must give up more and more of one commodity to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity. 在现实条件下，一国在生产中通常面对的是递增的机会成本而不是固定成本。机会成本递增意味着一国为了获得每多生产1单位某商品的资源而必须减少越来越多的另一商品的产量。 ? 2.????P61边际转换率?? MRT?of X for Y refers to the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of X.?Thus MRT=Opportunity cost of X=The (absolute) slope of the PPF at the point of production X对Y的边际转换率就是每多生产1单位X而少生产Y的数量。故边际转换率可用来表示X（横轴上的商品）的边际成本。生产可能性曲线上某一点X对Y的边际转换率可用生产可能性曲线在该点的斜率来表示。 ? 3. P62?社会无差异曲线?? A community indifference curve?shows the various combinations of two commodities that yield equal satisfaction to the community or nation. (1)Higher curves refer to greater satisfaction, lower curves to less satisfaction (2)CIC are negatively sloped and?convex from origin (3)They must not cross 社会无差异曲线反映了能使社会或国家获得同等满足程度的两种商品的不同组合。较高的曲线反映较高的满足程度，较低的曲线反映较低的满足程度。社会无差异曲线凸向原点，斜率为负，且互不相交。 ? 4. P63?边际替代率 MRS?of X for Y in consumption refers to the amount of Y that a nation could give up for one extra unit of X and still remain the same indifference curve. 消费中的X对Y的边际替代率指的是一国为保持在原来的无差异曲线上，多消费1单位X而必须放弃的Y的数量。社会无差异曲线上某一点X对Y的边际替代率用该点的斜率的绝对值表示，并且随着该