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The Restoration and the “Glorious Revolution” Q7 What was “Glorious Revolution”? The son of the executed(处死) king was asked to return and take the throne. Then his brother James II tried to give full rights to Catholics. The revolution (1688) was glorious because it was bloodless. Prince William of Orange（奥兰治亲王）, ruler of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary accepted the invitation to become king and queen. It was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament. By that time, the Cavaliers and Roundheads had settled down to become England’s first political parties: the Tories （托利党）and Whigs（辉格党）. VIII. Hanoverian （汉诺威）England and Industrial Revolution Q8 Who was the first prime minister in English history? The 18th century witnessed the union of Scotland with England. George I chose Sir Robert Walpole （沃尔波）as his chief minister, who was usually considered as the first prime minister in English history. This created the cabinet system of government. George III lost America. Agricultural and home-based trades and industries gave way to factory- based industries with complex machinery. IX. Colonial Expansion（殖民扩张） By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire had climbed to its peak. At its pinnacle, the Empire occupied about 33 million sq.km., taking up one-fifth of the world’s total dry land, which was about 135 times as large as Great Britain. It ruled over a population of 560 million, which was more than ten times as large as that in Britain. India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa etc. Queen Victoria（维多利亚女王） She reigned from 1837 to 1901. During her reign, although the modern powerlessness of the monarch was confirmed (she was often forced to accept as Prime Minister people she personally disliked), she herself became an increasingly popular symbol of Britain’s success in the world. As a hard-working, religious mother of nine children, devoted to her husband, she was regarded as t