部分 4.pptVIP

Part Four The Paragraph;I. Effective Paragraphs 1. Unity (一致性，完整性，统一性) A. Unity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. B. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. C. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence (主题句). ;The topic sentence often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however, it may also be found in the middle or the end of a paragraph. It names the topic in the paragraph, telling the reader what the paragraph is about. It tells the reader what to expect in the paragraph. It usually is the most general and most important statement in the paragraph. ;I. Effective Paragraphs 2. Coherence (连贯性) A. Coherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. B. The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural. ;I. Effective Paragraphs 3. Transition (过渡) Ways to help produce a fluent paragraph: A. Using parallel structures B. Repeating words or word groups C. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences; D. Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs. E. Using transitional expressions ; II. Planning a Paragraph 1. Think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence 2. Think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. 3. Arrange them in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.; III. Ways of Developing Paragraphs (1) 1. Development by Time (Chronological sequencing) 2. Development by Process 3. Development by Space 4. By Example or Generalization 5. By Comparison and Contrast ; III. Ways of Developing Paragraphs (2) 6. Development by Cause and Effect 7. Development by Classification 8