操作系统课件CCH02(Hardware and the OS)-.pptVIP

Hardware and the OS … a computer system The hardware stool The CPU … The brain!!! …Control Unit …Arithmetic and Logic Unit …Registers …Flags …Program Counter (PC) …(secret) instruction being …executed. The Memory … RAM Visualized as a loooooong array The Memory … RAM Visualized as a loooooong array An array of “bytes” Each byte is identified by the index within that “array”. That “index” we call the “address” of the byte. What is in a byte? One BYTE = eight bits…but….. IO devices I/O Devices … how? CPU writes to the controller registers. The controller translates the request and passes it to the device. When the device finished, it interrupts the CPU. Interrupts versus Polling Interrupts … you said? Yes, a signal to the control unit in the CPU to notify that something happened (an event). What about polling, eh….ooooohh! Polling Instead of having IO devices interrupt us when they need our attention… Every so often we stop what we are doing and go and check on each one of them… Do you need me? Do you need me? Interrupts, when, why? A timer expired. An I/O operation was completed. A memory protection violation occurred. An illegal operation was attempted. Interrupt … what happens? The CPU completes the instruction it is executing. Then it “services” the interrupt. Finally it returns to the process it was executing when the interrupt request arrived. The CPU/IO conversation I/O can be… Synchronous I/O The CPU waits for the I/O to finish. Asynchronous I/O The CPU issues the request, and continues to execute in parallel with the I/O device. However, I/O is always synchronous for the process, and is always asynchronous for the system. Types of Memory Storage is not created the same: Speed (access time) Cost ($$$$$) Volatility A pyramid of speed: Registers Cache RAM Magnetic disks Optic disks Tapes, etc. Security Dual Mode? Yes, new processors can be in either: User mode. Monitor mode. The OS runs in Monitor mode. Applications run in User mode.