第一章 绪论 塑料成型工艺学概要1.pptVIP

第一章 绪论Introduction 内容简介： 塑料发展历史、塑料的应用、塑料成型加工的方法、 本课程学习要求。 本章重点： 塑料的分类、塑料制品的生产过程。 目的要求 1、了解塑料的发展历史 2、熟悉塑料制品的生产结构和应用范围 3、了解目前国内外塑料行业发展状况。 一、塑料的概念 塑料为四大材料之一，目前世界合成树脂总产量超过3亿吨，我国近2800万吨，塑料机械10万台套，居世界第一。在三大合成材料中，塑料占80%。 塑料的定义Definition Plastics，愿意为可造型的物质。 The word derives from the Greek πλαστικ?? (plastikos), “fit for molding”, from πλαστ?? (plastos) “molded”. It refers to their malleability（可塑性）, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to be cast, pressed, or extruded into an enormous variety of shapes—such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more. Plastic is broadly defined as Any inherently formless material that can be molded or modeled under heat or pressure ASTM：Materials that contain as an essential ingredient organic substances of high molecular weight which are solid in the finished state but are shaped by flow at some stage of their manufacture or during processing into finished articles. 塑料：以树脂为主要成分，在一定温度和压力下可以制成一定的形状，并在常温下保持现定形状的材料. 塑料是高分子合成材料中凡是性能上具有可塑性变化的材料的总称，是以合成树脂为基本成份，再添加配合剂（填料、增塑剂、稳定剂、润滑剂、色料等）经捏合、造粒塑制成一定形状的材料（弹性体、涂料、黏合剂除外）。 塑料≠合成树脂 plastics ≠ resin Another term associated with polymers and plastics is resin. A convenient definition of a resin is: A resin is a polymer that has not yet been formed into its final useful shape. Resins can exist as viscous liquids or as solids in the form of granules (powders), flakes, or pellets. Pellets can still be considered resin because they are later formed into a shaped plastic part. 受热时通常有软化或熔融范围，软化时在外力作用下有流动倾向，常温下是固态、半固态或假固态等的有机聚合物。有时也可以是液态聚合物。广义地讲，作为塑料基材的任何聚合物都可称为树脂。 树脂是一种未加工的原始聚合物，它不仅用于制造塑料，而且还是涂料、胶粘剂以及合成纤维的原料。而塑料除了极少一部分含100％的树脂外，绝大多数的塑料，除了主要组分树脂外，还需要加入其他物质。 Thermoplastics There are a wide range of thermoplastics, some that are rigid and some that are extremely flexible. The molecules of thermoplastics are in lines or long chains with very few entanglements. When heat is applied