曼昆微观经济学英文版06supply_demand_gov.ppt

6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies Supply, Demand, and Government Policies In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities. While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied. One of the roles of economists is to use their theories to assist in the development of policies. CONTROLS ON PRICES Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers. Result in government-created price ceilings and floors. CONTROLS ON PRICES Price Ceiling A legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold. Price Floor A legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold. How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling: The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price. The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price, leading to a shortage. Figure 1 A Market with a Price Ceiling Figure 1 A Market with a Price Ceiling How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes Effects of Price Ceilings A binding price ceiling creates shortages because QD QS. Example: Gasoline shortage of the 1970s nonprice rationing Examples: Long lines, discrimination by sellers CASE STUDY: Lines at the Gas Pump In 1973, OPEC raised the price of crude oil in world markets. Crude oil is the major input in gasoline, so the higher oil prices reduced the supply of gasoline. What was responsible for the long gas lines? Figure 2 The Market for Gasoline with a Price Ceiling Figure 2 The Market for Gasoline with a Price Ceiling CASE STUDY: Rent Control in the Short Run and Long Run Rent controls are ceilings placed on the rents that landlords may charge their tenants. The goal of rent control policy is to help the poor by making housing more affordable. One economist called rent control “the best way to destroy a city, other than bombing.” Figure 3 Rent Control