曼昆经济学原理15.ppt

* 77 44 * * * * * * * * * * * 17 18 * 17 18 * 22 16 * 23 19 * 23 19 * 30 20 * 31 23 * 32 40 * 39 27 * 39 27 * 40 23 * 42 31 * 42 31 * 8 * 47 33 * 47 33 * 53 34 * 54 39 * 54 39 * 55 39 * 55 39 * 56 39 * 63 * 56 39 * 64 39 * 65 39 * 68 41 * 69 41 * 72 41 * 73 41 * 74 42 * 77 44 Figure 10 Welfare with and without Price Discrimination Copyright ? 2004 South-Western Profit (a) Monopolist with Single Price Price 0 Quantity Deadweight loss Demand Marginal revenue Consumer surplus Quantity sold Monopoly price Marginal cost 无谓损失 消费者剩余 图10. 有无价格歧视时的福利 价格 0 数量 利润 需求 边际成本 边际收益 销售量 垄断价格 (a) 单一价格垄断者 Figure 10 Welfare with and without Price Discrimination有无价格歧视时的福利 Price 价格 0 Quantity 数量 Demand 需求 Marginal cost 边际成本 Quantity sold 销售量 (b) Monopolist with Perfect Price Discrimination 完全价格歧视垄断者 Profit Examples of Price Discrimination价格歧视的例子 Movie tickets 电影票 Airline prices 飞机票价 Discount coupons 折扣券 Financial aid 奖学金 Quantity discounts 数量折扣 Conclusion: The Prevalence of Monopoly How prevalent are the problems of monopolies? Monopolies are common. Most firms have some control over their prices because of differentiated products. Firms with substantial monopoly power are rare. Few goods are truly unique. 结论：垄断者的普遍性 垄断问题有多普遍? 垄断是常见的。 许多企业对它们收取的价格都有一些控制能力，因为它们提供的物品与其它企业提供的物品并不完全一样。 有相当大垄断势力的企业是很少见的。 很少物品真正是独一无二的。 Summary A monopoly is a firm that is the sole seller in its market. It faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. A monopoly’s marginal revenue is always below the price of its good. 小结 垄断者是在其市场上为唯一卖者的企业。 垄断者面临的需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的。 垄断者的边际收益总是低于其物品的价格。 Summary Like a competitive firm, a monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal. Unlike a competitive firm, its price exceeds its marginal revenue, so its price exceeds marginal cost. 小结 正如竞争企业一样，垄断企业也通过生产边际收益等于边际成本的产量来实现利润最大化。 与竞争企业不同，垄断企业的价格高于它的边际收益，因此它的价格高于边际成本。 Summary A monopolist’s profit-maximizing level o