曼昆经济学原理Chap_02.ppt

* 33 * 33 * 33 * 33 * 35 * * * * * * * * * * 43 4 * 44 5 * 45 6 * 46 7 * 47 8 * 48 9 * 49 10 Violent Crimes (per 1,000 people) Police Officers (per 1,000 people) 0 Figure 2A-7 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 4 * 5 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 14 * 14 * 15 * 21 * 21 * 15 * 15 * 13 * 13 * 30 * 31 * 31 * 32 * 32 * 32 * 32 4,000 生产可能性边界 计算机产量 汽车产量 3,000 2,000 A 700 0 1,000 E 2,100 750 生产可能性边界 向外移动 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy. How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level. 微观经济学与宏观经济学 微观经济学 的研究对象是经济中的个体。 家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在特定市场上相互交易。 宏观经济学 研究经济总体现象。 从总体上看，各种市场在国家水平上如何相互影响。 Two Roles of Economists经济学家的两个角色 When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. 当他们努力去解释世界时，他们是科学家。 When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers. 当他们想要改变世界时，他们是政策顾问。 Positive versus Normative Analysis Positive statements are statements that describe the world as it is. Called descriptive analysis Normative statements are statements about how the world should be. Called prescriptive analysis 实证分析与规范分析 实证表述 是企图描述世界是什么的观点。 被称为描述性分析。 规范表述 是企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 被称为命令性分析。 ? ? Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是规范性表述？ An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled. 提高最低工资水平会导致最低技能工人的就业减少。 Positive 实证性 ? ? ? Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是规范性表述？ Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase. 较高的联邦赤字水平会导致利率上升。 Positive 实证性 ? ? ? ? Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是规范性表述？ The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment. 提高最低工资水平得到的利益比由此带来的稍微的就业减少造成的损失大 Positive 规范性 ? ? ? Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是规范性表述？ State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related ill