发育对进化的限制.PPT

* Shigeru Kondo and Takashi Miura Science329 1616 (2010); DOI: 10.1126/science.1179047 * melanophore [mel?n??f??] n. [细胞] 载黑素细胞 xanthophore [z?nθ?f?:] n. [细胞] 黄色素细胞 * Reaction–diffusion models of within-feather pigmentation patterning Richard O. Prum * and Scott Williamson Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-2454, USA 有袋类同其姐妹类群——胎盘类相比进化缓慢，原因在于其繁殖方式对功能的要求限制了有袋类的进化。 constraints on the morphological evolution of marsupial shoulder girdles * Conservation of the segmented germband stage: robustness or pleiotropy? * 哺乳类中决定这些颈椎的Hox基因已经和干细胞分裂建立起联系。Hox基因表达的改变容易引起骨骼进化，但也可能会错误地调节细胞分裂，导致癌症发生。 * * 添加标题 添加标题 例3、Establishment of right-left a symmetry in vertebrates Establishment of right-left a symmetry in vertebrates is triggered by the unidirectional rotation of cilia at the node, followed by the interaction of Nodal and Lefty that amplify and stabilize faint differences in gene expression . Nodal enhances both its own expression and that of Lefty, and Lefty inhibits the activity of Nodal. The fact that Lefty spreads further than Nodal suggests that the inhibitory interaction propagates more quickly than does its activating counterpart, which as we have seen, indicates that this system fulfills the fundamental requirements for Turing pattern formation 添加标题 添加标题 例4、In vertebrate limb development, precartilage condensation, which i s later replaced by skeletal bone, occurs periodically along the anterior-posterior axis of the distal tip region. TGF- b can stimulate its own production and trigger precartilage condensation, and t he sites of incipient condensation exert a laterally acting inhibitory effect on chondrogenesis. Although no candidate inhibitor has been identified, an interaction net-work comprising TGF-b function and precartilage condensation may satisfy the short-range activatio n and long-range inhibition criteria .Miura and Shiota have shown that nearly periodic spatial patterns