美国能源类型与应用规划汇编.ppt

Energy Resources Chapter 10 Energy Resources Supplementing free solar energy 99% of heat comes from the sun Without the sun, the earth would be –240 0C (-400 0F) We supplement the other 1% with primarily non-renewable energy sources Energy Resources Renewable (16%) Solar Wind Falling, flowing water Biomass Non-renewable (84%) Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear power Energy sources and uses Energy uses in developed countries industrial domestic transportation Note: Electricity is not an energy source, converted from another source (coal, hydro, nuclear, etc.). 1st Law of Thermodynamics - You can’t get more energy out of something than you put in 2ond Law – In any conversion of heat energy to useful work, some energy is always degraded to a lower quality energy Evaluating Energy Resources Renewable Future availability Net energy yield It takes energy to get energy Habitat degradation Cost (initial and ongoing) Community disruption Political or international issues Suitability in different locations Polluting (air, water, noise, visual) Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources North American Energy Resources OIL and NATURAL GAS Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments. Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale) containing dispersed oil. Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil pools began to form. Natural gas often forms on top of oil. Primary component of natural gas is methane Oil Petroleum (crude oil) Costs: Recovery Refining Transporting Environmental Highest risks are in transportation Refining yields many products Asphalt Heating oil Diesel Petrochemicals Gasoline … Conventional Oil Advantages Relatively low cost High net energy yield Efficient distribution system Disadvantages Running out 42-93 years Low prices encourage waste Air pollution and greenhouse gases Water pollution Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Controversy: Trade-offs Would create jobs Oil resources are uncertain US supply 7-24 months Uncerta