秸秆还田对增强土壤肥力的影响.docxVIP

秸秆还田对增强土壤肥力的影响黄志浩 吉林农业大学资源与环境学院，长春130118摘要:秸秆还田可以改善土壤结构，增强其保水、肥、气、热的能力，有利于提高有机质含量，使养分结构趋于合理。秸秆还田作为一种培肥地力的农艺措施，可以提高土壤中植物、动物和微生物的活性，促进其分泌胞外酶，增强土壤酶活性。研究了秸秆和厩肥两种有机质还田后土壤酶活性的变化，结果表明秸秆还田可以显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性。秸秆还田配施氮磷肥后，一方面可以促进秸秆矿质化，为作物生长发育提供速效养分，另一方面秸秆进入土壤增强了土壤中动物、植物和微生物的代谢活动，加快了土壤物质循环，提高了土壤养分的生物有效性。同时，秸秆在土壤中可以减少旱地土壤水分蒸发，促进水肥互促协同作用，提高作物水分和养分利用效率，从而提高作物产量。关键词:秸秆还田，氮磷配施，培肥地力Abstract:Straw returned can improve soil structure, enhance its ability to water, fertilizer, gas and heat, is beneficial to improve the content of organic matter, nutrient structure more reasonable.Straw returned as a soil fertilizer agronomic measures, can improve the activity of plants, animals, and microorganisms in the soil, promote the secretion of extracellular enzymes, strengthen soil enzyme activity.Straw returning and manure two kinds of organic matter was studied after the change of soil enzyme activity, the results showed that straw returned can significantly improve the soil invertase activity.After the straw returned with nitrogen and phosphate, on the one hand, can promote the straw mineral, to provide available nutrients for crop growth and development, on the other hand the straw into the soil enhances the metabolic activity of animals, plants and microorganisms in the soil, sped up the soil material cycle, improved the soil nutrient bio-availability.At the same time, the straw in the soil can reduce soil moisture evaporation, promote each other to promote synergy, water increase crop water and nutrient use efficiency, so as to improve crop production.Key word:Straw returned， nitrogen and phosphorus，Enriching the soil fertility引言研究结果表明，在小麦－玉米生长期内，秸秆还田初期土壤ＥＣ值呈先增高后降低的趋势。ＥＣ值的大小与秸秆中有机物质的矿化－腐殖质化过程有关，在这一过程中，由于土壤微生物对秸秆的矿质化作用，有机物质分解产生大量小分子物质，其中的小分子有机酸和阴阳离子，如ＨＣＯ３－、ＨＳＯ４－、ＮＨ４＋、Ｈ＋等，使土壤ＥＣ值上升，随着秸秆还田后腐殖化过程的深入进行，小分子有机酸和阴阳离子被微生物转化利用，合成腐殖质类物质，ＥＣ值下降。秸秆还田配施有机、无机肥料可以显著提高土壤ＥＣ值１５．０％～６６．５％，这说明添加腐熟有机肥和氮磷肥，可以调节土Ｃ／Ｎ比、Ｃ／Ｐ比，为土壤微生物提供适宜的养分比例，有利于增强微生物的活动，促进秸秆的矿质化，使矿质养分得到充分释放。研究了不同施氮量对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和酶活性的影响，发现氮肥的施用可以提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率