2章 细胞与生物大分子.pptVIP

第二章 生物分子的相互作用 macromolecules;Molecular Biology Course;单细胞生物;Simplified diagram of the six-kingdom system;Phylogenetic tree determined by rRNA sequence comparisons (rRNA序列比较得到的系统发育树）;Three domains of cellular life Fig. S1 ;Ester 酯键;典型原核细胞示意图;典型真核细胞示意图;Cell differentiation in yeast (酵母）;;第二节、 Subcellular organelles Nuclei mitochondria and chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies, organelle isolation;2、 Subcellular organelles;;;;;（核）;（线粒体）;（叶绿体）;drug oxidation and detoxificatin ;Microbodies (lysosomes, peroxisomes and glyoxysomes);Organelle isolation: centrifugation (离心);Cell fractionation by differential centrifugation: Cells or tissues Homogenate匀浆 800g, 10min, pellet enriched in nuclei and cellular debris Supernatant 20,000g for 15min, pellet with mitochondria and chloroplasts Supernatant 100,000g for 60min, pellet with microsomes (pieces of plasma membranes and internal membranes Supernatant 150,000g for 3 hrs, pellet enriched in ribisomes Supernatant = cytosol (cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles);第3节 Macromolecules protein and nucleic acids (Section B) polysaccharides lipids complex macromolecules;3 Macromolecules;Alternative representation of cellulose structure ;3、 Macromolecules;Phospholipid (磷酯): glycerol esterified to two fatty acids and phosphoric acid ;Complex macromolecules (复合大分子） covalent or noncovalent associations of more than one major classes of large biomolecules which greatly increases the functionality or structural capabilities of the complex.;Glycoproteins: containing both protein and carbohydrate, covalent attachment Very important in mediating cell-cell recognition.;Glycoproteins are generated by the addition of oligosaccharide groups either to the NH2 group of asparagine (N-linked glycosylation糖基化) or to the OH group of serine, threonine, or hydroxylysine (O-linked glycosylation). N-linked glycosylation is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum and completed in the Golgi; O-linked glycosylation occurs in the Golgi