第二章 力学简介.ppt

CH2 The Meaning of the Constitutive Equation Prof. M.-S. Ju Dept. of Mechanical Eng. National Cheng Kung University 2.1 Introduction Living system at cellular, tissue, organ and organism level sufficient to take Newton’s laws of motion as axiom The smallest volume considered contains a very large no. of atoms and molecules. The materials can be considered as a continuum Isomorphism between real number and material particles. Between any two material particles there is another material particle. Modification of definition Observation of living organisms at various levels of size: e.g., naked eye, optical microscope, electrical microscope, scanning tunnel microscope or atomic force microscope Blood example Whole blood – continuum at scale of heart, large arteries, large veins Two-phase fluid (plasma blood cells) at capillary blood vessels, arterioles and venules. At smaller scale: red cell membrane as continuum and red cell content as another continuum 2.2 Stress Stress expresses the interaction of the material in one part of the body on another. Unit: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 psi = 6.894 kPa 1 dyn/cm2 = 0.1 Pa 1 atmosphere = 1.013 x 105 N/m2 = 1.013bar Components of stress 2.3 Strain Deformation of a solid described by strain Take one-dimensional problem as an example: elongation of a string, initial length L0 Geometric meaning 2.4 Strain rate 2.5 Constitutive equations Properties of materials are specified by constitutive equations Non-viscous fluid, Newtonian viscous fluid and Hookean elastic solid are most widely models for engineering materials Most biological materials can not be described by above equations Constitutive equations are independent of any particular set of coordinates. A constitutive equation must be a tensor equation: every term in it be a tensor of same rank. 2.6 The Nonviscous Fluid Stress tensor: D Kronecker delta, p: pressure (scalar) For ideal gas: equation of state For real gas: f (p, r, T) = 0 Incompressible fluid: r = constant